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4 very severe, incapacitating symptoms ; . Subjects recorded their daily symptoms of cough, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and wheezing, as well as missed episodes of work or school, days of asthma-related medical contact, and.
Maximum allowed previous paid. Paid DRG. Paid area prevailing. Note: Applies to revenue code line items.
Factant deficiency and possibly other diseases with decreased surfactant function. We infused the stable isotope [U-13C]glucose in very premature baboons for 24 h and measured 13C incorporation into palmitic acid in PC in the alveolar compartment. The 13C-labeled PC increased slowly, reached the maximum value more than 4 d after the start of the isotope infusion, and remained high at Day 6. These data show that the endogenous synthesis and secretion of PC is slow process and that endogenously synthesized surfactant remains in the lung for a long time in the preterm primate. Five days after birth, the baboons also received an intravenous bolus of radioactive palmitate labeled with 3H and the specific activity in surfactant PC was measured at killing 24 h later, as described 2 ; . The percentage of surfactant PC secreted to the alveoli was only 7.5% in 24 h. This slow rate of secretion is compatible with the kinetics calculated from the stable isotope data. A slow metabolism of surfactant has been described in nonprimate animals. In studies of newborn rabbits and lambs, maximal alveolar enrichments were found 35 to 60 after a single injection of radiolabeled palmitic acid 20, 22, 23 ; . In term newborn sheep and term newborn rabbits, half-lives of [3H]palmitate in surfactant PC were 11.6 and 24.5 d, respectively 20, 24, 25 ; . In comparison with human preterm infants, the first appearance of enrichment in the alveolar compartment was significantly later in the baboons 27 versus 19 h ; 5 ; The.
The US FDA approved this drug in January 2000, for the treatment of urogenital symptoms associated with post-menopausal vaginal atrophy. The US FDA approved this drug in February 2000, for the additional treatment of uncomplicated skin manfestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 years of age The US FDA approved this emulsion aerosol foam in March 2000, for the treatment of head, pubic crab ; , and body lice.
The hypothesis that the pregnancy-induced sensitization to acetylcholine could reflect a general NO-dependent mechanism involved in the increased uteroplacental perfusion that is required for normal fetal development. The purpose of the present study, which was begun ~11 years ago, and prolonged because of the difficulty in obtaining uterine arteries from pregnant patients, was to determine the effect of pregnancy on acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the isolated human uterine artery. Some of the results have been reported Nelson and Steinsland, 1987a, b; Johnson et al., 1993 ; . Materials and methods.
Tipranavir TPV, Aptivus ; is an approved novel protease inhibitor PI ; with potent activity against multiple PI-resistant HIV-1. To achieve effective plasma TPV concentrations and a twice-daily dosing regimen, co-administration of TPV with 200 mg of ritonavir TPV r ; is essential. Ritonavir RTV ; inhibits hepatic CYP3A, intestinal P-glycoprotein P-gp ; and possibly intestinal CYP3A [1, 2]. TPV r is effective and well tolerated in PI experienced HIV + patients [3, 4]. Using the erythromycin breath test, TPV itself was shown to induce CYP3A, and this effect is reversed with RTV co-administration [1]. Subsequently, TPV r was shown to decrease amprenavir, lopinavir, and saquinavir exposure by 50-80% [5] and scopolamine.
Saquinavir side effects
In humans, CYP3A4 catalyzes the biotransformation of a very large number of drugs that are mostly lipohilic but otherwise often very dissimilar structurally. The list of CYP3A4 substrates includes, from different therapeutic areas: midazolam Gorski et al. 1994 ; , triazolam Kronbach et al. 1989 ; , cyclosporin Kronbach et al. 1988 ; , diltiazem Pichard et al. 1990 ; , dihydropyridine calcium-channel antagonists Guengerich et al. 1991 ; , lovastatin Wang et al. 1991 ; , simvastatin Prueksaritanont et al. 1997 ; , cisapride Bohets et al. 2000 ; , erythromycin Hunt et al. 1992 ; , saquinavir Fitzsimmons and Collins 1997 ; , and itraconazole Ducharme et al. 1995a ; . CYP3A4 is inhibited for instance by such drugs as itraconazole Back and Tjia 1991; Olkkola et al. 1994; Neuvonen and Jalava 1996 ; , erythromycin Olkkola et al. 1993 ; , diltiazem Backman et al. 1994 ; , verapamil, and ritonavir Eagling et al. 1997 ; . Prototype inducers of CYP3A4 include rifampicin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine Backman et al. 1996; Bertilsson et al. 1997; Capewell et al. 1988.
Etiology. Herbert A. Durham and Tom A. Outland Phosphorus in Perthes' Disease, Blood Calcium and ; A New Conception Etiology. Herbert A. Durham and Tom A. Outland Physiology of Muscle Innervation with Special Reference to the Influence Sympathetic System. Ernest G. Martin Presidential Address: Our Novitiates. A. Mackenzie Forbes and secobarbital.
Corticosteroid: dexamethasone use with caution, saquinavir may be less effective due to decreased saquinavir plasma concentrations in patients taking these agents concomitantly.
NOREPINEPHRINE DEPLETION FROM HEART measured fluoroinetrically in the cluate as the trihydroxyiudole.15 Norepinephi'ine and epinephrine were determined simultaneously by measuring fluorescence at two different wave lengths of activation and fluorescence in an Aminco-Bowman Spectrophotofluoronieter.16 The production of the trihydroxyindole by this method of oxidation and its selective fluorometric determination both lend a high degree of specificity to the analytic procedure. The values presented for norepinephrine concentration in plasma were not coi-reeted for recovery which averaged 80.7% SD 10.4% ; when 0.05 fxg of norepinephrine was added to the plasma sample. The tissue samples were homogenized with approximately 20 volumes of 5% trichloracetic acid and the catecholamine determined in the tissue extract as norepinephrine equivalents. The results were not corrected for recovery which averaged 88.5% SD 7.6% ; when 1 j, g of norepinephrine was added to the homogenate. These recoveries which were performed with every analysis are within the range expected for this type of procedure. The difference between the average plasma and tissue recoveries is due to the larger volume of solution used in the alumina adsorption step in the tissue analyses and senna.
Saquinavir information
The five-star Merrion Hotel on Upper Merrion Street in Dublin has eliminated accumulated losses in the business with a 6.9% rise in annual operating profits to 1.56m. The latest accounts for Hotel Merrion Ltd, which operates the business, show that an after-tax profit of 1.5m in the year to October was enough to wipe out an outstanding accumulated loss of 1.49m. The business is controlled by Glen Dimplex founder Martin Naughton, former Glen Dimplex shareholder and former AIB chairman Lochlainn Quinn and Northern hotelier Billy Hastings. Back to Index.
Nanoparticle technology allows for the enhancement of several factors necessary for successful drug delivery, such as the solubility and bioavailability of a drug, as well as the possibility of manipulating nanoparticles for a more targeted delivery of a drug to its point of action. In terms of the number of deals that are associated with this technology, these are, in general, between two and four a year Figure 6 ; . The number of deals peaked on three occasions: in 2002 when eight deals were recorded, and in 2005 and 2006, when 14 and 12 deals were recorded respectively. One of the 2006 deals was a Phase I SBIR grant worth US##TEXT##.5 million awarded to CytImmune Sciences by the US National Institutes of Health PDA no. 23857 ; . This award is for CytImmune to advance its tumour-targeted nanotherapies that are based on CytImmune's proprietary PEGylated colloidal gold nanoparticle platform. This technology entails the binding of therapeutic molecules to the surface of gold nanoparticles that are administered and carried in the blood stream to accumulate at tumours, thus selectively and septra.
He prayers of three fishermen were answered with the exact nature of the hull, " said Grossman. "We placed their rescue in Shinnecock Inlet, N.Y., Jan. 3 after harbor boom around the vessel during the salvage, as their ship Hail Mary II capsized in rough seas. Seven well as pre-staged [oil containment] boom protecting the days later, the Hail Mary II herself was rescued. environmentally sensitive areas." As Capt. John Windels and his crew of Richard The Unified Command members were relieved when Gardiner and Jerzy Boucpoulki were returning to port overflights conducted by Coast Guard and Coast Guard with a successful haul of 30, 000 pounds of squid, the Auxiliary aircraft reported that only a light, Hail Mary II capsized in heavy weather when one unrecoverable sheen was visible. Overall, there was outrigger retracted before the other and destabilized the limited impact to the environment. 72-foot steel dragger. The crew of a nearby vessel, the A massive crane barge arrived Jan. 8 to partially raise Cindi Sea, rescued Boucpoulki, while a Sea Tow operator the Hail Mary II and tow it into the bay and out of the rescued Windels and Gardiner from atop the hull of the rough inlet waters. The following day, the crane raised overturned vessel. the fishing vessel from its watery hold and officials began With the crew safely ashore, the focus shifted to dewatering it. On Jan. 10, officials ended dewatering salvaging Hail Mary II, which was 95 percent submerged operations. about 150 feet from the mouth of Shinnecock Inlet and 50 feet from the western jetty. "Following the rescue of the crew, the safety of the environment was our next concern, " said Lt. Bill Grossman, supervisor of Coast Guard Marine Safety Detachment Coram. "Not knowing the exact amount of fuel and lube oils that remained on board, we needed to develop a plan to safely mitigate the threat." Officials from the Coast Guard, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Town of Southampton, Environmental Conservation Police, Sea Spill, and Sea Tow immediately established a Unified Command at Soleau Marina in Shinnecock to monitor the salvage operations and prepare to recover any potential pollution. Pollution response officers from Coast Guard Sector Long Island Sound traveled from New Haven, Conn., to join forces with Coast Guard Marine Safety Detachment Coram, N.Y. Gale force winds and rough seas delayed any immediate salvage operations. "Everyone in the Unified Command knew that the fuel on board would be difficult to recover in the vessel's present state, but we still went ahead to develop a plan to protect the environmentally sensitive areas nearby in the event of a complete release of the fuel tanks, " said Grossman. Unified Command officials were concerned about the 4, 000 gallons for diesel fuel that Sa lv a MK3 Harry Martinez and MK2 Thomas Dunn of remained contained on board the Hail Mary II. Station Shinnecock watch as salvage workers dewater the According to Grossman, they feared the vessel's fishing vessel Hail Mary II at Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, N.Y., hull would break in half and there would be a Jan. 9, 2006. The 72-foot steel dragger capsized in Shinnecock complete loss of all fuel from the tanks. Inlet Jan. 3 as it returned to port with 30, 000 pounds of squid. "Since we did not have a complete hull survey from the divers, we were not able to determine.
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Cent ; received zidovudine combined with didanosine, 7 12 percent ; received zidovudine plus zalcitabine, and 7 12 percent ; received zidovudine alone. In addition to this therapy, 15 patients received stavudine, 5 lamivudine, 5 saquinavir, and 1 ritonavir. Saquinavir was given in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine to three patients and in combination with stavudine and lamivudine to one patient. Ritonavir was used in combination with zidovudine in one patient. Five subjects received other drug combinations containing zidovudine. Two patients received didanosine alone, and two zalcitabine alone. Compliance with antiretroviral therapy was assessed every 4 weeks and was consistently rated as good more than 80 percent of medication taken ; for the majority of the patients 90 percent ; throughout the 24-week protocol and serostim.
Alsenz J, Steffen H, and Alex R 1998 ; Active apical secretory efflux of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir and ritonavir in Caco-2 cell monolayer. Pharm Res NY ; 15: 423 660. Casada JL, Moreno A, Sabido R, Marti-Belda P, Antela A, Dronda F, Perez-Elias MJ, and Moreno S 2000 ; A clinical study of the combination of 100 mg ritonavir plus 800 mg indinavir as salvage therapy: influence of increased plasma drug level in the rate of response. HIV Clin Trials 1: 1319. Chay SH and Herman JL 1998 ; Disposition of the novel anti-schizophrenic drug [14C]olanzapine in male Fischer 344 and female CD rats following single oral dose administration. Arzneimittelforschung 48: 446 454. Chay SH and Pohland RC 1994 ; Comparison of quantitative whole-body autoradiographic and tissue dissection techniques in the evaluation of the tissue distribution of [14C]daptomycin in rats. J Pharm Sci 83: 1294 1299. Choo EF, Leake B, Wandel C, Imamura H, Wood AJJ, Wilkinson GR, and Kim RB 2000 ; Pharmacological inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport enhances the distribution of HIV-1 protease inhibitors into brain and testes. Drug Metab Dispos 28: 655 660. Dain JG, Collins JM, and Robinson WT 1994 ; A regulatory and industrial perspective of the use of carbon-14 and tritium isotopes in humans ADME studies. Pharm Res NY ; 11: 925928. Denissen JF, Grabowski BA, Johnson MK, Buko AM, Kempf DJ, Thomas B, and Surber BW 1997 ; Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir ABT-538 ; in rats, dogs and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 25: 489 501. Evers R, Kool M, Smith AJ, van Deemter L, de Haas M, and Borst P 2000 ; Inhibitory effect of the reversal agents V-104, GF120918 and Pluronic L61 on MDR1 Pgp-, MRP1- and MRP2mediated transport. Br J Cancer 83: 366 374. Huisman MT, Smit JW, Wiltshire HR, Hoetelmans RMW, Beijnen JH, and Schinkel AH 2001 ; P-glycoprotein limits oral bioavailability, brain and fetal penetration of saquinavir even with high doses of ritonavir. Mol Pharmacol 59: 806 813. Kaltenbach RF, Trainor G, Getman D, Harris G, Garber S, Cordova B, Bacheler L, Jeffrey S.
History of Saquinavir
18 HIV + patients beginning once daily therapy with ritonavir 100 mg and saquinavir soft gel capsule 1600 mg and 5 HIV + patients beginning once daily therapy with ritonavir 200 mg and indinavir 1200 mg. All patients on methadone, 19 patients coinfected with hepatitis C. 15 adult healthy volunteers on steady-state tipranavir 500 ritonavir 100 mg BID plus single-dose methadone 5 mg and sevelamer.
Triptans: Limit use to no more than 2 d wk; not to be used if ergotamine derivatives, triptans, or methysergide have been used in prior 24 h; screen for asymptomatic cardiac disease in patients at risk. Contraindicated in patients with risk of heart disease, basilar or hemiplegic migraine, or uncontrolled hypertension. Based on post-marketing information, rare incidences of myocardial infarction and stroke have been reported. Common AEs for the triptans include transient feelings of pain or tightness in the chest or throat, tingling, heat, flushing, heaviness or pressure, drowsiness, fatigue, or malaise. * Ergotamine derivatives DHE: Limit use to no more than 2 d wk; not to be used if ergotamine derivative or other triptans have been used in prior 24 h; screen for asymptomatic cardiac disease in patients at risk. Potentiated by protease inhibitors, macrolides, azole antifungals, saquinavir Invirase ; , nefazodone Serzone ; , fluoxetine Prozac ; , fluvoxamine Luvox ; , zileuton, Zyflo ; , propranolol Inderal ; , grapefruit juice, nicotine. Contraindicated in patients with risk of heart disease, basilar or hemiplegic migraine, or uncontrolled hypertension. Contraindicated with concomitant ritonavir Norvir ; , nelfinavir Viracept ; , indinavir Crixivan ; , erythromycin, clarithromycin Biaxin ; , troleandomycin TAO ; , ketoconazole Nizoral ; , itraconazole Sporonox ; , or other vasoconstrictors. * Opioids: Monitor opioid usage carefully; do not issue phone refills; impose strict daily and weekly limits. Adapted from: Davidoff RA. Migraine: Manifestation, Pathogenesis, and Management. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis; 1995. Ramadan NM, Silberstein, SD, Freitag FG. Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache in the primary care setting: pharmacological management for prevention of migraine. April 25, 2000. Available at: : aan professionals practice pdfs gl0090 . Accessed October 22, 2003. Silberstein SD, Saper JR, Freitag FG. Migraine diagnosis and treatment. In: Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ, eds. Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001: 121-237. Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2003 and saquinavir.
Symptoms in Adults In the period immediately after infection with HIV, no specific symptoms are noticeable. However, within one to three weeks after infection, most people experience the following: flu-like symptoms, such as fever, sore throat, headache; skin rash; tender lymph nodes; and a vague feeling of discomfort and sirolimus.
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A phase IIIB randomized, open-label, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2 NRTIS abacavir versus continued 2 NRTIS PI treatment in HIV-1 infected subjects with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels CNA30017 ; Evaluation of the safety and antiviral activity of Stavudine extended release formulation as compared to Stavudine immediate release formulation, each as part of potent antiretroviral combination therapy Protocol AI455-096 ; A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase III, three arm study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Pegylated-interferon a-2a Ro25-8310 ; monotherapy versus combination therapy of interferon a-2a Ro22-8181 ; with Ribavirin for 48 weeks A phase III multicenter randomized study of the biological and clinical efficacy of subcutaneous recombinant, human interleukin-2 in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 + counts under active antiretroviral therapy SILCAAT ; The safety and antiviral efficacy of Stavudine extended release formulation as compared to Stavudine immediate release formulation, each as part of potent antiretroviral combination therapy Protocol AI455-099 ; An open-label, comparative study to evaluate the short term antiviral efficacy of Nevirapine and Efavirenz in combination with d4T and 3TC The 2NN study ; Randomized, open-label study of continued stavudine vs. abacavir substitution with or without riboflavin and thiamine supplementation in patients with elevated lactic acid while on stavudine-based therapy An open label, randomized study to evaluate the antiretroviral effect, tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetics of saquinavir SGC Ritonavir QD vs. indinavir norvir BID in HIV infected patients A study to compare long-term safety and tolerability of Stavudine d4T ; extended release ER ; versus conventional immediate release, IR ; formulations, each in combination with Lamivudine 3TC ; and Efavirenz EFV ; A phase III open-label, randomized, active-controlled study assessing the efficacy and safety of T-20 Ro 29 9800 HIV-1 fusion inhibitor ; in combination with an optimized background regimen, vs. optimized background regimen alone Lipodystrophy and related diseases case definition study Randomized, open label study of continued stavudine vs abacavir substitution with or without riboflavin and thiamine supplementation in HIV-infected patients who have elevated venous lactic acid while on stavudine-based therapy An international, open label, randomized, multi-centre study to evaluate the antiviral effect, tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetics of Fortavase TM ; Saquinavir SGC ; and Norvir TM ; Ritonavir ; QD vs Crixivan TM ; Indinavir ; and Norvir TM ; A phase II III 48-week, randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lamivudine 300 mg once daily versus Lamivudine 150 mg BID in combination with Zidovudine 300 mg BID and Efavirenz 600mg An open-label study to evaluate the effect of NRTI based antiretroviral combination treatments in HIV-1 treatment An open-label, randomized, 48-week study to compare the safety, tolerability, and surrogate marker activity of TID versus BID indinavir sulfate dosing 2.4g d ; in HIV-infected individuals having previously achieved viral load suppression A retrospective, case-control study to investigate genetic polymorphisms in HIV infected subjects who developed hypersensitivity following treatment with abacavir CNA30027 ; HIV Trust A multiclinic, open study to evaluate the ability of the combination of indinavir, zidovudine and lamivudine to result in sustained suppression of HIV-1 in asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive patients Protocol ICC 004 ; The Canadian Women's HIV Study -- A study of the relationship between human papilloma virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical disease using cross-sectional, cohort and descriptive methodologies.
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According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, fever is a rise in body temperature above normal, usually in response to some type of infection. What's normal? It's actually a range rather than a specific number. That's because your child's temperature naturally varies during the day, typically rising when he's active, in a hot room, dressed warmly, or during the late afternoon. Temperatures up to 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit 38 degrees Celsius ; are generally considered to be normal for a healthy infant. If your baby's temperature goes above that, he has a fever. However, fever is not what causes your baby to get sick. In fact, it's a sign that his immune system is working properly to fight off an infection. When bacteria and other germs invade the body, fever stimulates the production of white blood cells and other defenses to destroy the unwanted invaders. Fever can make your baby uncomfortable, but it's seldom harmful and skelaxin.
Secretion 536.8 gastrointestinal functional ; 536.9 psychogenic 306.4 habit, child 307.9 hearing, except deafness 388.40 heart, functional conditions classifiable to 426, 427, 428 ; due to presence of cardiac ; prosthesis 429.4 postoperative immediate ; 997.1 long-term effect of cardiac surgery 429.4 psychogenic 306.2 hormone 259.9 innervation uterus, sympathetic, parasympathetic 621.8 keratinization NEC gingiva 523.1 lip 528.5 oral mucosa ; soft tissue ; 528.7 tongue 528.7 labyrinth, labyrinthine vestibule ; 386.9 learning, specific NEC 315.2 memory see also Amnesia ; 780.99 mild, following organic brain damage 310.1 mental see also Disorder, mental ; 300.9 associated with diseases classified elsewhere 316 metabolism acquired ; congenital ; see also Disorder, metabolism ; 277.9 with abortion - see Abortion, by type, with metabolic disorder ectopic pregnancy see also categories 633.0-633.9 ; 639.4 molar pregnancy see also categories 630-632 ; 639.4 amino acid see also Disorder, amino acid ; 270.9 aromatic NEC 270.2 branched-chain 270.3 specified type NEC 270.8 straight-chain NEC 270.7 sulfur-bearing 270.4 transport 270.0 ammonia 270.6 arginine 270.6 argininosuccinic acid 270.6 carbohydrate NEC 271.9 cholesterol 272.9 citrulline 270.6 cystathionine 270.4 fat 272.9 following abortion 639.4 ectopic or molar pregnancy 639.4 general 277.9 carbohydrate 271.9 iron 275.0 phosphate 275.3 sodium 276.9 glutamine 270.7 glycine 270.7 histidine 270.5 homocystine 270.4 in labor or delivery 669.0 and scopolamine.
Alternatively, the new formulation of saquinavir - fortovase - can be used instead of invirase: norvir 400mg four 100mg capsules ; twice daily + fortovase 400mg two 200mg capsules ; twice daily and solifenacin.
Insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 2025120254. Wentworth, J. M., T. P. Burris, and V. K. Chatterjee. 2000. HIV protease inhibitors block human preadipocyte differentiation but not via the PPAR RXR heterodimer. J. Endocrinol. 164: R7R10. Beach, J. W. 1998. Chemotherapeutic agents for human immunodeficiency virus infection: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and adverse reactions. Clin. Ther. 20: 225. Reaven, G. M. 1993. Role of insulin resistance in human disease Syndrome X ; an expanded definition. Annu. Rev. Med. 44: 121 131. Reed, B. C., S. H. Kaufman, J. C. Mackall, and M. D. Lane. 1977. Alterations of insulin binding accompanying differentiation of 3T3 L1 adipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74: 48764880. Glenn, K. C., K. S. Rose, and G. K. Given. 1988. Somatotropin antagonism of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in 3T3 L1 adipocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 37: 371383. Germinario, R. J., A. D. Sniderman, S. Manuel, S. Pratt-Lefebvre, A. Baldo, and K. Cianflone. 1993. Coordinate regulation of triacylglycerol synthesis and glucose transport by acylation stimulating protein. Metabolism. 42: 574580. Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265275. Germinario, R. J., A. McQuillan, M. Oliveira, and S. Manuel. 1983. Enhanced insulin stimulation of sugar transport and DNA synthesis by glucocorticoids by cultured human fibroblasts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 226: 498505. Levy, J. R., and J. M. Olefsky. 1988. The intracellular insulin receptor dissociation and segregation in a rat fibroblast cell line transfected with a human insulin receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 61016108. Caron, M., M. Auclair, C. Vigouroux, M. Glorian, C. Forest, and J. Capeau. 2001. The HIV protease inhibitor Indinavir impairs sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 intranuclear localization, inhibits pre-adipocyte differentiation and induces insulin resistance. Diabetes. 50: 13781388. Rudich A., S. Vanounou, K. Riesenberg, M. Porat, A. Tirosh, H. Harman-Boehm, A. S Greenberg, F. Schlaeffer, and N. Bashan. 2001. The HIV protease inhibitor Nelfinavir induces insulin resistance and increases basal lipolysis in 3T3 L1 adipocytes. Diabetes. 50: 14251430. Mondal, D., V. F. Larussa, and K. C. Agrawal. 2001. Synergistic antiadipogenic effects of HIV type 1 protease inhibitors with tumor necrosis factor- : suppression of extracellular insulin action mediated by extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 17: 15691584. Dowell, P., C. Flexner, P. O. Kwiterovich, and M. D. Lane. 2000. Suppression of preadipocyte differentiation and promotion of adipocyte death by HIV protease inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 4132541332. Ranganathan, S., and P. A. Kern. 2002. The HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir impairs lipid metabolism and glucose transport in cultured adipocytes. J. Endocrinol. 172: 155162. Vigouroux, C., S. Gharakhanian, Y. Salhi, T. H. Hguyen, D. Chevenne, J. Capea, and W. Rozenbaum. 1999. Diabetes, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in lipoatrophic HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART ; . Diabete Metab. 25: 225232. Mulligan, K., C. Grunfeld, V. W. Tai, H. Algren, M. Pang, D. N. Chernoff, J. C. Lo, and M. Schambelan. 2000. Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 23: 3543. Hube, F., U. Lietz, M. Igel, P. B. Jensen, H. Tornqvist, H. G. Joost, and H. Hauner. 1996. Difference in leptin mRNA levels between omental and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from obese humans. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 690693. Edens, N. K., S. K. I. Fried, J. G. Kral, J. Hirsch, and R. L. Leibel. 1993 In vitro lipid synthesis in human adipose tissue from three abdominal sites. Am. J. Physiol. 265: E374E379. Arner, P. 1998. Not all fat is alike. Lancet. 351: 13011302.
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