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That autocrine and paracrine mechanisms may be involved in hormone-dependent breast cancer development via growth stimulation from local estrogen biosynthesis. In human breast stromal cells, PGE2 acts via two G protein-coupled receptors, EP1 and EP2 receptors, to stimulate aromatase gene expression via protein kinase A and protein kinase C signaling pathways 32 ; . NSAIDs and COX-1- and COX-2-selective inhibitors produce dose-dependent decreases in aromatase activity in breast cancer tissues Fig. 5 ; 33, 34 ; . Real time PCR analysis of aromatase gene expression showed a significant decrease in mRNA levels by these agents, and the effect of COX inhibitors on aromatase expression occurs through suppression at the tissue-specific promoters PI.3, PI.4, and PII. This significant relationship between the aromatase and COX enzyme systems suggests that autocrine and paracrine mechanisms may be involved in hormone.
3. In November 2007, the boxed warnings on ESAs were again revised. One of the added notations for the treatment of cancer patients with ESAs is: a. Continuation of therapy is safe for 1 year. b. Treatment should target hemoglobin of 13 g dL. c. The risks of shortened survival and tumor progression have not been excluded when ESAs are dosed to a target hemoglobin of 12 g dL. d. All of the above answers are correct.
Vascular endothelial growth factor Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF, also known as vascular permeability factor VPF ; and VEGF-A] a member of the platelet-derived growth factor PDGF ; family, which are involved in the development of new vasculature from adjacent host blood vessels to allow for the transfer of oxygen and nutrition from the blood to the new cells that have been formed [61]. New blood vessels are necessary for tumours to survive, grow and metastasise [62]. Angiogenesis is the growth of new microvasculature from existing blood vessels, this occurs in wound healing, menstrual cycle and tumours [63, 64]. There are various angiogenic factors that play a critical role in angiogenesis. Endothelium-specific growth factors include the VEGF family, the angiopoietin and the ephrin families [62].
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Soto, P. J., Beall, F. A., Nakamura, R. M., and Kupferberg, L. L.: Myocarditis in Rhesus Monkeys. Arch. Path. 78: 681 Dec. ; , 1964. Detailed blood chemistry and autopsy studies were performed on 20 apparently healthy rhesus monkeys that had recently been imported from India. In 18, there was histologic evidence of myocarditis. Neither viral inclusion bodies nor parasites were found in the heart. No bacteria were grown from heart cultures. Heart extracts did not kill suckling mice. Thus, the etiology of the myocarditis was not resolved
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1. ALICATA, J.E. - Angiostrongylus cantonensis Nematoda: Metastrongylidae ; as a causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis of man in Hawaii and Tahiti. Canad. J. Zool., 40: 5, 1962. BADARO, R.; FALCOFF, F.; BADAR, F.S. et al. - Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony and interferon gamma. New Engl. J. Med., 322: 16-21, 1990. CSPEDES, R.; SALAS, J.; MEKBEL, S. et al. - Granulomas entricos y linfticos con intensa eosinofilia tisular producidos por un strongildeo strongylata ; . Acta md. costarric., 10: 235-255, 1967. CHEN, H.T. - Un nouveau nematode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis n.g.n. sp. des rats de Canton. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp., 13: 312-317, 1935. CUCKLER, A.C.; EGERTON, J.R. & ALICATA, J.E. - Therapeutic effect of thiabendazole on Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rats. J. Parasit., 51: 392-396, 1964. DOENHOFF, M.J.J.; MODHA, J.R.; LAMBERTUCCI, J.R. & MCLAREN, D.J. - The immune dependence of chemotherapy. Parasit. today, 7: 16-18, 1991. HAWKING, F. - Diethylcarbamazine and new compounds for the treatment of filariasis. Adv. Pharmacol., 16: 129-194, 1979. HAYASHI, M. - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths. XXX ; . Clinical and pathological changes in mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis and treatment with mebendazole and betamethasone. Jap. J. Parasit., 36: 80-87, 1987. HAYASHI, M; TERADA, M.; ISHII, A; KINO, H. & SANO, M. - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths. XVI ; . Anthelmintic effect of Mebendazole on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats. Jap. J. Parasit., 31: 575-580, 1982. HWANG, K.P. & CHEN, E.R. - Larvicidal effect of albendazole against Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 39: 191-195, 1988. ISHII, A. - Effect of the anthelmintic levamisole on the first-stage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in infected rats. Parasit. Res., 80: 267-270, 1994. ISHII, A.I.; TERADA, M.; FUJIU, Y. & SANO, M. - In vivo efficacy of levamisole against larval stages of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Southeast Asian J. trop. Med. publ. Hlth., 20: 109-117, 1989. ISHII, A.I.; TERADA, M.; KINO, H.; HAYASHI, M. & SANO, M. - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths: effects of avermectin B1a on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats. Int. J. Parasit., 13: 491-498, 1983. ISHII, A.I.; TERADA, M. & SANO, M. - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths. XXIII ; . Effects of ivermectin on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats. Jap. J. Parasit., 34: 411-417, 1985. ISHII, A.I.; TERADA, M. & SANO, M. - Motility and drug susceptibility of Angiostrongylus cantonensis developing from gamma-irradiated first-stage larvae. Southeast Asian J. trop. Med. publ. Hlth., 18: 547-551, 1987. ISHIH, A.; YANOH, M.; IKEYA, C.; BAN, A. & TERADA, M. - Effects of anthelmintics on the development of eggs of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in vitro. J. Helminth., 75: 351-354, 2001. JOUBERT, J.; JOUBERT, M.J. & LOMBAARD, C.M. - Neurocysticercosis: a comprehensive approach to medical treatment. S. Afr. med. J., 68: 11-14, 1985.
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Table 2. continued ; Guide to Contraindications and Precautions to Commonly Used Vaccines in Children and Teens Vaccine and thiothixene.
TABLE 1. Cohorts selected from the source population of singleton children bom In Uppsala, Sweden, In 1973-1977, with parents who were living In Uppsala and had been bom In Sweden n 9, 808 ; , using Information from the Medical Birth Registry and the Inpatient Registry.
Corresponding Author: F.Roelfsema, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands, Fax: + 31 71 5248136, email: f.roelfsema lumc.nl and thorazine.
CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES The required efficiency of the clean-up procedure depends largely on the specificity and sensitivity of detection in the procedure selected for determination. Obviously, the least demanding procedures with regard to the efficacy of clean-up are bioassay methods on thin layer plates. The extracts can be spotted onto the plates without further clean-up and can be developed Fernandes and Cole 29 Wegman et al. 90 Baker and Hoodless 6 Cox and Pinegar 22 Ben Arie 11 Ellis and Sinclair 26 Homans and Fuchs 38 . For all other methods of determination a more or less rigorous clean-up is necessary. The weakly basic property of the N-atom in the benzimidazoles can be utilized for an efficient partition step in the clean--up procedure. The residue dissolved in ethyl acetate or benzene, Rouchaud and Decallonne 65 ; or chloroform, Rajzman 64 can be extracted very easily with diluted hydrochloric acid and reextracted into ethyl acetate Chloroform ; upon adjusting the acid aqueous phase back to pH 8 - Sims et al. 72 Cmx and Pinegar 22 Kirkland et al. 41 Aharonson and Ben Aziz 1 Austin et al. 2 Rouchaud and Decallone 65 Rouchaud et al. 66 Tanaka and Fujimoto 80 or into chloroform after adjusting the aqueous phase to pH 6.5. After this clean-up step, the residue carbendazim ; can be reextracted with 0, 1 M MCi and determined, e.g. by UV in the aqueous solution see under section Colorinetric and Spectrophotometric Methods. TLC was incorporated as a clean--up step in the UV--spectrophotometric determination by White and Kilgore 91 ; to eliminate interfering substances. For the separation of carbendazim from plant and other materials, column chromatography has been used in several cases. Florisil was used by Douch 25 ; A combination of two adsorbents; an upper layer of magnesium oxide "Celite" 1 + 6 ; and a lower one of alumina grade III ; was used by Aharonson and Ben Aziz 1 ; . Benomyl is converted to carbendazin in this column by the magnesium oxide "Celite" layer. Thiabendazole is subsequently eluted with ethyl acetate and carbendazim with ethanol ethyl acetate 1 + 1 ; was found that interfering fluorescent compounds were eliminated. Neutral alumina was used for the column chronatographic clean--up by Watkins 88 ; and alumina with 6 % water and chloroform or ethyl acetate as elution solvent by Cox and Pinegar 22 ; . Siegel 71 ; used the cation exchange Dowex 50 x 8 -- 200 resin in a column to separate carbendazim from interfering substances. The elution step was done in the batch mode using 4 N NH4OH as eluant. Thin layer chromatography and high speed liquid chromatography are separation techniques or clean--up procedures ; , but they are usually regarded as detection determination procedures and will, therfore, be discussed in the following section. DETECTION AND DETERMINATION Bioassay For the detection of the benzimidazoles, fungal toxicity assays have been used by a number of authors. The assay is carried out, in practically all case; after thin--layer chromatography of the test solution. The plates are coated with an appropriate nutrient solution and sprayed with a suspension of the test organisms. The inhibition zones developing after maintainance of appropriate cultivation conditions for a given time are in some instances correlated to the fungicide concentrations. A summary of the test species used are given in the table No. 6.
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82. Jung, M. K., I. B. Wilder, and B. R. Oakley. 1992. Amino acid alterations in the benA -tubulin ; gene of Aspergillus nidulans that confer benomyl resistance. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 22: 170174. 83. Katz, N., A. Chaves, and J. Pellegrino. 1972. A simple device for quantitative tool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 14: 397400. 84. Kerboeuf, D., P. Chambrier, Y. Le Vern, and J. Aycardi. 1999. Flow cytometry analysis of drug transport mechanisms in Haemonchus contortus susceptible or resistant to anthelmintics. Parasitol. Res. 85: 118123. 85. Koenraadt, H., S. C. Sommerville, and A. L. Jones. 1992. Characterization of mutations in the beta-tubulin gene of benomyl-resistant field strains of Venturia inaequalis and other pathogenic fungi. Mol. Plant Pathol. 82: 1348 1354. Komiya, Y., T. Ishizaki, Y. Ichikawa, H. Takayama, K. Tomabechi, S. Sato, and H. Kutsumi. 1957. The clinical studies of those positive for Ascaris ova after successive administration of santonin preparations. The problem of santonin resistance of Ascaris lumbricoides. Kiseichugaku Zasshi 4: 319326. 87. Korte, R., B. Schmidt-Ehry, A. A. Kielman, and U. K. Brinkmann. 1986. Cost and effectiveness of different approaches to schistosomiasis control in Africa. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 37: 149152. 88. Krepel, H. P., T. Haring, S. Baeta, and A. M. Polderman. 1993. Treatment of mixed Oesophagostomum and hookworm infection: effect of albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, levamisole and thiabendazole. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87: 8789. 89. Kumar, V., and B. Gryseels. 1994. Use of praziquantel against schistosomiasis: a review of the current status. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 4: 313320. 90. Kwa, M. S. G., M. N. Okoli, H. Schulz-Key, P. O. Okongkwo, and M. H. Roos. 1998. Use of P-glycoprotein gene probes to investigate anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus and comparison with Onchocerca volvulus. Int. J. Parasitol. 28: 12351240. 91. Kwa, M. S. G., J. G. Veenstra, and M. H. Roos. 1994. Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutation at amino acid 200 in -tubulin isotype 1. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 63: 299 303. Kwa, M. S. G., J. G. Veenstra, M. Van Dijk, and M. H. Roos. 1995. -Tubulin genes from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus modulate drug resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Mol. Biol. 246: 500510. 93. Lacey, E., J. M. Redwin, J. H. Gill, V. M. Demargheriti, and P. J. Waller. 1990. A larval development assay for the simultaneous detection of broad spectrum anthelmintic resistance, p. 177184. In J. C. Boray, P. J. Martin and R. T. Roush ed. ; , Resistance of parasites to antiparasitic drugs. MSD Agvet, Rahway, N.J. 94. Le Jambre, L. F. 1976. Egg hatch as an in-vitro assay of thiabendazole resistance in nematodes. Vet. Parasitol. 2: 385391. 95. Maciel, S., A. M. Gimenez, C. Gaona, P. J. Waller, and J. W. Hansen. 1996. The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Southern Latin America: Paraguay. Vet. Parasitol. 62: 207212. 96. Martin, L. K., and P. C. Beaver. 1968. Evaluation of Kato Thick Smear technique for quantitative diagnosis of helminth infections. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 17: 382391. 97. Martin, P. J., N. Anderson, and R. G. Jarrett. 1989. Detecting benzimidazole resistance with faecal egg count reduction tests and in vitro assays. Aust. Vet. J. 66: 236240. 98. Martin, P. J., N. Anderson, R. G. Jarrett, T. H. Brown, and G. E. Ford. 1982. Effects of a preventive and suppressive control scheme on the development of thiabendazole-resistance in Ostertagia spp. Aust. Vet. J. 58: 185 190. Martin, P. J., N. Anderson, T. Lwin, G. Nelson, and T. E. Morgan. 1984. The association between frequency of thiabendazole treatment and the development of resistance in field isolates of Ostertagia spp. of sheep. Int. J. Parasitol. 14: 177181. 100. Reference deleted. 101. McGregor, A. 1998. Call for renewed drive against schistosomiasis. Lancet 352: 1997. 102. McKenna, P. B. 1997. Use of arithmetic and geometric means in the calculation of anthelmintic efficacy. Vet. Rec. 141: 472473. 103. Metwally, A., J. L. Bennett, S. Botros, F. Ebeid, and G. El Attar. 1995. Impact of drug dosage and brand on bio-availability and efficacy of praziquantel. Pharamacol. Res. 31: 5359. 104. Monteiro, A. M., S. W. Wanyangu, D. P. Kariuki, R. Bain, F. Jackson, and Q. A. McKellar. 1998. Pharmaceutical quality of anthelmintics sold in Kenya. Vet. Rec. 142: 396398. 105. Pereira, C., P. G. Fallon, J. Cornette, A. Capron, M. J. Doenhoff, and R. J. Pierce. 1998. Alterations in cytochrome-c oxidase expression between praziquantel-resistant and susceptible strains of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 117: 6373. 106. Peters, P., M. El Alamy, K. Warren, and A. Mahmoud. 1980. Quick Kato smear for field evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29: 217219. 107. Pica-Mattoccia, L., L. C. Dias, R. Moroni, and D. Cioli. 1993. Schistosoma mansoni: genetic complementation analysis shows that two independent and tiagabine.
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What is the clinical and cost-effectiveness of mid-urethral tape procedures compared with pelvic floor muscle training in the first-line treatment of stress UI? Why this is important Although there are no useful comparative data on the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training and surgery in the treatment of stress UI, indirect comparison suggests that surgery is associated with higher cure rates but also substantially greater morbidity. Hence pelvic floor muscle training is used as first-line treatment. Information on long-term outcomes from pelvic floor muscle training is limited, although it appears that a significant number of women initially treated successfully by pelvic floor muscle training will ultimately undergo surgery. The development of newer minimal access procedures with shorter recovery periods than conventional surgery may make surgery a more acceptable option than previously. The clinical and costeffectiveness of these procedures compared with pelvic floor muscle training has not yet been proven
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