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Manado smelled sweet when I visited the city during the month of August 1980. After the harvest, the cloves were lying outside in the streets in front of houses and schools to dry in the sun. A spicy fragrance permeated the atmosphere of the city, which lay draped in a hilly landscape and was sometimes called the most beautiful city of Indonesia. There is no doubt it was also a wealthy city because of the button of the clove-tree, which for a long time was one of the staple trade commodities of Indonesia. These buttons are plucked mostly from low trees just before the flowers bloom at the very moment that these buttons are at their biggest. Clove-trees have a cycle of four years. There is a harvest every year, but once in four years, the produce is at its peak. One of the basic functions of Manado is the stapling of cloves, which are cultivated on the slopes in the countryside and after harvesting are stored in the city to be shipped to Java, where they are used in the kretek cigarette industry. The quality of the cloves is very high. For a long time the production did not meet the demand in Indonesia, so that import from Zanzibar was also needed. This situation changed drastically in the middle of the eighties when the price of the clove dropped because of overproduction. At the moment many producers even cannot make ends meet. They are eating into their capital and it is said that some are selling their land to wealthy officials. The trade has been decentralized so that it no longer has to be channelled via the central clove marketing board Economist Intelligence Unit 1994: 2728 ; . New products like vanilla and cocoa are taken up for cultivation and the clove-trees are not being replanted. Tourism, in particular, is being promoted as an important source of income. The clove-trees in Minahasa are not in the hands of just a single individual or a small group of persons. There are almost no landlords. The many small land-owners generally live in the countryside, but a number of Manadonese also possess clove-tree gardens in the hills. The plucking is done by seasonal workers, who are usually recruited from the Sangir and Talaud islands north of Sulawesi. These workers travel to this area for the picking of the cloves for which they used to be quite well paid according to Indonesian standards. Often one works at the top of the tree standing on a bamboo ladder, while the other collects the cloves that drop to the ground. One day's work produces half a sack of buttons still attached to the twigs. During the evening the twigs and buttons are separated, which is generally done at the house of the owner of the trees. Manado had, and, notwithstanding recent economic changes, still has the image of a wealthy city, which among other factors was derived from the cloves. In the nineteen eighties there were no beggars and the kampung generally were better than in other Indonesian cities. In Manado the standards for kampung improvement were relatively high. One problem of this "city of the clove" is the silting up of the harbour. Formerly it was kept constantly dredged, but nowadays this is no longer the case. The town of Bitung, 7.
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The Rolling Hitch is used to tie a line to another line which is under a strain. This knot can also be used to tie fenders to railing. It has also been used to tie a second line to a tow line, making a towing bridle, but is not the optimum knot for that purpose. Sailors often will use this knot to take the strain off of a jammed line, such as a jib sheet which is jammed by a winch overrun. A rolling hitch is tied to the jammed line and then run to a secondary winch. The strain can be taken off of the jammed line so it can be freed. One of the most underrated knots in Boating, the Rolling hitch is used to attach one rope to a second, in such a manner that the first rope can be easily slid along the second. The knot can be considered a Clove hitch with an additional turn. When tension is applied and the ropes form a straight line, the rolling hitch will lock onto the first rope. When the tension is released, the hitch can be loosened and slid along the first rope to a new location. The tension must be applied on the side of the knot with the extra turn. Tie a clove hitch, then bring the rope an extra turn around the post between the other two turns, and tuck under the diagonal section. The rolling hitch holds well as long as there is strain on the rope.
Quantification of Immunohistochemistry Positive immunohistochemical reactions were defined as dark brown reaction on the cell membrane for MCP-1 receptor CCR2 ; , cytoplasmic staining for HAM 56 and positive nuclear staining for Ki67. Staining parameters were evaluated at 100x and areas of high-density immunostaining were chosen for image analysis. Once the immunostaining was completed, the slides were placed on the Clarient Automated Cellular Imaging System ACISTM ; San Juan Capistrano, CA ; for quantitating the tissue staining. The system consists of an automated microscope, a 3-chip Sony progressive scan camera, a computer, and Windows NT 4.0 workstation software interface. Each slide was scanned by the robotic microscope. The ACISTM system captures images from each slide and quantifies staining intensity within a selected region and presents a numerical score. The system specifically quantitates immunostaining intensity and percent positivity. The ACIS system recognized 256 levels of.
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Ingredients: Sodium Bicarbonate, Cream of Tartar Tartaric acid ; , Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Lauryl Betaine, Perfume, Cocamide DEA, Patchouli Oil Pogostemon cablin ; , Orange Oil Citrus dulcis ; , Lavendin Oil Lavandula hybrida ; , Pine Oil Pinus ; , Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon flexuosus ; , Elemi Oil Canarium commune ; , * Citral, * Geraniol, * Citronellol, * Limonene, * Linalool, Gardenia Extract Gardenia jasminoides ; , D&C Red No. 33, Orange Glitter Polyethylene Terephthalate, FD&C Yellow No. 5, D&C Red No. 34, and D&C Red No. 7 ; , Clove Eugenia caryophyllus.
All eight consecutively-treated oocyte donors were evaluated. The oocyte donors were `35 years old, had regular menstrual cycles of 2535 days, two normal ovaries based on transvaginal scan ndings, body mass index BMI ; `32 kg m2 and agreed to donate their oocytes and codeine.
This work has been partially supported by grant number fis 94 0063-01 and fis 97 0626 awarded by the fondo de investigaciones sanitarias del ministerio de sanidad y consumo, spain, grant from `fundacio la caixa' 2002 2004 and grant from red de centros de cancer fis ; number co3 010
O M9 deodorant drops ; an ostomy deodorizer on dressing pouches could be useful. Modify the environment o At the time of dressing change: Provide adequate room ventilation. Air exchangers or extra fans may be helpful. Consider use of an odor eliminating room spray or pleasing scents such as perfumes, vanilla, lavender, or oil of clove prior to procedure. Sprays and scents can be nauseating and leave the patient with an unpleasant association with the specific fragrance. Mentholatum applied near the nostrils of patient or care provider may increase tolerance. Remove soiled dressings and linens from patient area or home as soon as possible. o For enhanced effect in the patient area consider: Solid room antagonizing absorber. Eucalyptus leaves, incense or scented candle, or cedar chips may be helpful in the room. Tray with kitty litter, baking soda, and charcoal or lava rock- replaced when no longer effective. o In the home care setting deodorize linens and soiled equipment by washing with a bleach or vinegar solution. Presoak in cool water to facilitate the removal of body proteins. Preservation of Peri-Wound Skin Integrity Manage Pruritis o Often experienced as a creeping itching sensation attributed to the activity of the tumor, particularly in inflammatory breast and cutaneous infiltration. Usually not responsive to antihistamines. Grocott, 2001 ; o Thought to be the result of tumor stretching the skin, which irritates nerve endings. o Excoriation of the skin by exudates can also result in pruritis in malignant wounds. o Promote skin hydration: Increase fluid intake. Moisturize skin with hydrophilic lotions and creams e.g. Lubriderm, Cetaphil, Glaxal Base. Apply to skin when damp. o Refer WRHA Wound Care Manual to Preventative Skin Care Section of Pressure Ulcer recommendations pg 37-40. Use of a hydrogel sheet covered with semi permeable film to prevent drying out may provide relief and cogentin.
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Ly in the future, we have just started predicting structures with better activities by computational methods, by quantitative structure-activity relationship QSAR ; investigations using the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis CoMFA ; technique, 28 which allows us to predict the activities of yet unsynthesized structures, even though the molecular target and the mode of action are not yet known.2 Based on a training set of initially 34 compounds, we statistically compare the activities with the chemical structures, thus deducing the joint structural requirements for high activities. Using this first QSAR approach on naphthylisoquinolines, we have found a very good correlation between calculated and experimental IC50 values, leading to an excellent correlation factor q2 0.76 ; , so that we have now started predicting more active compounds to be synthesized and tested. Another approach to look for new structural analogs, is to investigate botanically related plants, i.e., the other only two! very rare further species of the Dioncophyllaceae family: Habropetalum dawei from Sierra Leone and Liberia, and Dioncophyllum thollonii from Gabon. These two 'phylogenetic neighbours' of T. peltatum produce large amounts of naphthoquinones and related natural products. Nonetheless, by applying our most efficient novel 'triad' LC-MS LC-NMR LC-CD we found naphthylisoquinolines in small quantities in these species some of them known, but mainly new alkaloids. 10 ; . Given their low concentrations, we would not have found them just by a bioassay-guided screening, only by our sensitive chemical analysis. We will now provide enough material for bio-testing, by extended isolation and by chemical synthesis. Besides the extremely small Dioncophyllaceae family, the Ancistrocladaceae Africa and Asia ; also produce a broad variety of naphthylisoquinolines.3 Altogether, nearly 80 alkaloids of this type have so far been discovered, including anti-HIV active dimers, named michellamines.29 Future work will focus on the search for even better structural analogs, by isolation from plants and by molecular modeling assisted synthesis, and on a thorough investigation of the pharmacological potential of these compounds, including the mode of action. This is an important and urgent task, to which we as natural product chemists can contribute by analytical, synthetic, and computational chemistry, assisted by our engaged parasitological and pharmacological collaboration partners.
All groups can be associated with increased pulmonary arterial pressures. Only the last group i.e. vascular obstruction ; is associated with vascular remodelling and characterises the entity of portopulmonary hypertension PPHTN ; . Ppa: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; Q9: cardiac output; mPAOP: mean pulmonary artery occlusion pressure. #: e.g. hepatopulmonary syndrome : e.g. PPHTN and cognex.
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FIGURE 4. A comparison of the effect of carbamylcholine and acetylcholine on ventricular action potential duration. Top panel illustrates values from cats with intact vagi. Neither agonist produces a significant effect on APD. The bottom panel illustrates values from cats after BCV. Both agonists shorten APD. There was no statistically significant difference in the APD shortening produced by the two drugs in cats after BCV.
These notes were prepared by Dr. David Molloy, Clinical Director, Queensland Fertility Group and colace.
N generics, there are currently 120 projects, including 37 new ones; in api, there are 40 projects, of which 25 are new; in formulations, there are 48 projects.
12: 31PM BI.00008 Combining PIV and LDA to study 3D instabilities in rotating flows , JENS SORENSEN, ROBERT MIKKELSEN, Technical University of Denmark, IGOR NAUMOV, Sibirian branch of RAS -- The swirling flow between a rotating lid and a stationary cylinder is studied experimentally. The flow is governed by two parameters: The ratio of container height to disk radius, h, and the Reynolds number, Re, based on the disk angular velocity, cylinder radius and kinematic viscosity of the working liquid. For the first time the onset of three-dimensional flow behavior is measured by combining the high spatial resolution of Particle Image Velocimetry PIV ; and the temporal accuracy of Laser Doppler Anemometry LDA ; . A detailed mapping of the transition scenario from steady and axisymmetric flow to unsteady and non-axisymmetric flow is investigated for h-values in the range from 1 to 3.5. The flow is characterized by the generation of azimuthal modes of different wave numbers. A range of different modes is detected and critical Reynolds numbers and associated frequencies are identified. The results are compared to previous numerical stability analyses. In most cases the measured onset of three-dimensionality is in good agreement with the numerical results and disagreements can be explained by bifurcations not accounted for by the stability analysis. For h 3.4 the experiment revealed the existence of a stable triplet that may explain the steady behavior of the k 3 mode observed in previous computations and colesevelam.
LDL-C of 130 mgldL. Doses were titrated at four-week and eight-week intervals. Patients were excluded forthe following reasons: age less than 25 years or greater than 75 years; triglycerides greater than 300 mgldL; women of childbearing potential; and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
18. Dekker AW, Nieuwenhuis HK, Verdonck LF. Intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside and amsacrine. An effective regimen with low toxicity in refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 1990; 65: 18914. Mehta J, Powles R, Singhal S, Horton C, Hamblin M, Zomas A, et al. Idarubicin, high-dose cytarabine, and etoposide for induction of remission in acute leukemia. Semin Hematol 1996; 33: 1823. Kimby E, Nygren P, Glimelius B. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in acute myeloid leukaemia. Acta Oncol 2001; 40: 23152. Raanani P, Shpilberg O, Gillis S, Avigdor A, Hardan I, Berkowicz M, et al. Salvage therapy of refractory and relapsed acute leukemia with high dose mitoxantrone and high dose cytarabine. Leuk Res 1999; 23: 695700. Schiller G. Treatment of resistant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 1991; 5: 2206. Kern W, Schleyer E, Unterhalt M, Wormann B, Buchner T, Hiddemann W. High antileukemic activity of sequential high dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone in patients with refractory acute leukemias. Results of a clinical phase II study. Cancer 1997; 79: 5968. Hines JD, Oken MM, Mazza JJ, Keller AM, Streeter RR, Glick JH. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and m-AMSA is effective therapy in relapsed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 5459 and colestipol.
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Conclusions and perspectives Over the last years, several efforts have been made to optimize the genotyping method for HPA. HPA microarray technology has now become available allowing reliable and fast genotyping procedure. In the near future an automated throughput for complete typing of large donor cohorts will be available. For the diagnosis of alloimmune thrombocytopenia, however, the proof of pathogenic alloabs in patient's sera is still essential. With the availability of welldefined mabs against platelet GPs, antigen-specific assays for alloab testing can be perfected. However, recent observations indicated a diversity of epitopes as well as structural and functional heterogeneity of alloabs. The introduction of functional assays e.g adhesion assay ; and direct analysis of antigen-antibody interaction e.g. by SPR technology and gel based assay ; may help us to further characterize platelet-specific alloabs with respect to their clinical meaning. New insights into the pathogenesis will help to develop diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for alloimmune thrombocytopenias. The identification of antibody combining sites on platelet receptors might serve as the basis of future investigations. Addendum Some of the data presented in this review are part of the doctoral thesis of I.S. and T.B and clove.
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Balkan endemic nephropathy and cancer breakpoints D. I. Toncheva, Tz. Dimitrov; Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Nephrology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria In this report we present the cytogenetic findings of structural aberrations in 10 800 mitoses from 14 patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy BEN ; and 18 healthy persons from non-endemic regions. Seven out of the 14 BEN patients karyotyped are predisposed to malignant tumours. They have a significant increased frequency of structural rearrangements at oncogenic bands, predominantly in 1p13 with NRAS oncogene ; and 6p11 with KRAS1P ; . The other four breakpoints with elevated rates of structural anomalies affect the oncogenic bands on chromosome #3 3p25 with RAF1 oncogene; 3q27FIM3 and 3q29MFI2 melanoma associated antigen p67 ; and #2 cenREL ; . It was supposed that a combination of ras-oncogene with two or more other oncogenes might enhance the risk of cancer in BEN patients. Nonrandom structural anomalies in three of 14 BEN patients are described--t 1; 6 ; p13; p11, del 1 ; p13; p36 ; and del 3 ; q27; q29.
Related to increases in venular pressure and not related primarily to increases in arteriolar pressure. Acute hypertension produces an increase in sagittal sinus pressure.6-7 It is not clear, however, whether the increase in sagittal sinus pressure was associated with disruption of the BBB in veins or was sufficient in magnitude to account for disruption of the BBB. Without evaluation of the site of disruption and the ability of increases in venous pressure to produce disruption of the BBB, it is difficult to determine the importance of increases in sagittal sinus pressure, especially since arteriolar pressure also increases during acute hypertension. Hyperosmolar solutions also disrupt the BBB in venules and veins.5-8 No studies have been conducted to determine the relation between disruption of the BBB and alterations in cerebral venous pressure during disruption of the BBB by a hyperosmolar solution. Our first goal was to determine the relation between increases in cerebral venous pressure and disruption of the BBB. We used two new approaches. First, we measured venous pressure at the site of disruption during acute hypertension. Second, we attempted to determine whether increases in venous pressure were sufficient in magnitude to account for disruption of the BBB. To examine this possibility, we occluded the superior venae cavae to increase cerebral venous pressure to the same level as that observed during acute and commit.
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Used skillfully, the media can be a powerful tool in the hands of a western democratic nation seeking to support, or agitate for, the building of a democratic society. Direct messages about peace, democracy, ethnic tolerance and methods of alternative conflict resolution can be and are ; broadcast into a society from the outside the public in many countries tune into the BBC World Service, CNN etc ; . Some participants pointed out that the media comprises much more than conventional journalism. It embraces other cultural forms such as drama. It was suggested that, in any event, in many parts of the world people are becoming mistrustful of journalistic `information', since much of the information they receive is perceived by them to be propaganda. It is thus often much more effective to reach audiences through the entertainment aspect of the media. Popular cultural forms such as village theatre, TV soap opera, radio drama, or the innovative use of the internet e-mail can be used to get peace-compatible messages across. Carefully designed dramatic interventions can be used to address cultural attitudes and perceptions and codeine.
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